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| 10·15 mode/11 mode |
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| Driving conditions for measuring exhaust emissions and
fuel economy. The 10·15 mode cycle is derived from the 10-mode cycle simulating
driving conditions on general roads by adding another 15-mode segment of a maximum
speed of 70 km/h, which simulates driving conditions on urban expressways. The
11-mode cycle is divided into 11 patterns simulating driving conditions in the
suburbs and the maximum speed is set at 60 km/h. |
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| Thermoplastic resin |
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| Plastic that softens when heated, that shows thermoplastic property (retains the changed shape), and that hardens when cooled. As the change by heating and cooling can be repeated indefinitely, the material is superior in recycling ease. Today, it is abundantly used for automotive interior parts. Typical examples of thermoplastic resin are polypropylene (PP) and acrylonitorile butadiene styrene (ABS). |
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| 3-way catalytic converter |
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| Such precious metals as platinum, palladium, and rhodium are used as catalysts to remove carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) from exhaust gas at the same time. |
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| Three constituent elements in exhaust gas (CO, HC, and NOx) |
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| Co is carbon monoxide, HC is hydrocarbon, and NOx is a generic term for nitrogen oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The three constituent elements are referred to as the three major contaminants and are included in exhaust gas from automobiles and factories. The NOx concentration in the atmosphere in urban areas has been leveling off.
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| 2- and 4-stroke engines |
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| A 2-stroke engine completes the four processes conducted within a cylinder (fuel intake, compression, combustion, and exhaust) with 2-strokes of the piston (one rotation of the crankshaft), whereas a 4-strokes engine requires 4-storkes (two rotations of the crankshaft). An engine causes mixture of fuel and air to explode to gain a reciprocal action from the piston in the cylinder. This reciprocated movement is converted into the rotating movement of the crankshaft to create power. A 4-storke engine is structurally more complex than a 2-stroke engine. However, 4-stroke engines are better than 2-stroke engines in environmental performance such as quietness, exhaust emissions, and fuel economy.
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